Ancient cities offer a unique window into the past. Many culture enthusiasts ask where people lived thousands of years ago and what remains from that time, as the first cities laid the foundations of modern societies. These ancient sites and traces of ancient civilizations fascinate many travelers, as these communities transformed from simple nomadic settlements into centers of commerce, culture, and politics. Some of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities showcase the ingenuity and resilience of ancient civilizations.
Matera, in southern Italy, is a city whose history dates back far. In 2019, the unique architecture of Matera, particularly the Sassi, helped the city earn the title of European Capital of Culture. Matera shows signs of permanent human settlement that date from the Paleolithic era to the present. The so-called Sassi in Matera are cave dwellings and churches carved into tuff stone that were used as far back as the Stone Age. These structures give Matera the appearance of an oversized Christmas crib. Despite being one of the lesser-known destinations in Italy, Matera is worth a visit, offering a glimpse into the living history of human habitation.
Europe has several examples of very old cities for those who want to follow the traces of long-gone times, reflecting the passage of time and the emergence of millenary cultures. Plovdiv in Bulgaria is one of the oldest cities in the world, with origins dating back to 5,000 BCE. Plovdiv is a melting pot of cultures, having been influenced by the Thracians, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans, all of whom left their marks on the city. The old town of Plovdiv extends over three hills and impresses with its narrow, winding streets and historical buildings. Travelers to Plovdiv can explore a wide selection of restaurants, bars, and shopping opportunities in addition to historical sights. The Roman theater in Plovdiv, discovered during construction work, is particularly noteworthy.
Argos, on the Peloponnese peninsula, is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Greece. The history of Argos dates back approximately 7,000 years. Throughout its history, Argos experienced many cultural influences, including those from the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Visitors to Argos can explore an ancient theater carved from rock around 300 BCE and the Larissa Castle.
The area around Luxor was settled since the Paleolithic era. The ancient city of Thebes was located at the site of modern Luxor on the east bank of the Nile. Thebes first appeared in history more than 2,000 years BCE. Luxor was a temple district of Thebes, also known as Waset, and represented the religious center of Egypt. The temple complex of Karnak in Luxor is espcialy noteworthy. The Amun Temple at Karnak is considered one of the most important sites in Egypt. On the eastern side, in Thebes-East, are the Luxor Temple and the Luxor Museum. On the western side of the Nile, attractions such as the Valley of the Kings, the great temple of Ramses III, and the Valley of the Queens draw visitors.
Varanasi is located on the sacred Ganges River and is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The historical roots of Varanasi reach back to 11,000 BCE. According to legend, the god Shiva was responsible for the founding of Varanasi. As the spiritual capital of India, the city attracts both pilgrims and travelers. The lively atmosphere, the ubiquitous Hindu rituals, and temples like the Kashi-Vishvanath Temple make Varanasi a unique destination.
Luoyang in Henan Province, China, was founded in the 11th century BCE under the name Chengzhou. Dense settlement of the Luoyang area likely existed as far back as 7,000 years ago. The Longmen Grottoes with their Buddha statues and the Shaolin Temples, known for traditional Kung Fu teachings, are among the attractions that draw travelers to Luoyang. Luoyang is said to have been the residence of legendary Chinese philosophers such as Confucius and Laozi.
Cholula in Mexico is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the Americas. The history of Cholula dates back to the 5th century BCE. Cholula is known for having the largest pyramid in the world, on which a church was built during the colonial period. The Popocatépetl volcano, which looms over Cholula, adds to the city's fascination. Cholula offers a colorful mix of historic streets and modern amenities such as restaurants and bars. Cholula is a popular excursion destination for Mexicans, not least because of its proximity to Mexico City.
Located in the West Bank, Jericho is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities, with a history dating back more than 10,000 years when it emerged as an oasis in the desert thanks to its natural springs. During the Neolithic period, Jericho consolidated as an important agricultural center. Jericho's strategic location made it a key point for trade and interaction between civilizations. Today, Jericho offers visitors the opportunity to explore archaeological sites that reveal the secrets of its longevity.
In present-day Lebanon, Byblos stands out as a key cultural center in ancient history. Founded more than 7,000 years ago, Byblos was an important port for the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians developed the first known alphabet in Byblos. Byblos was also a religious epicenter, where worship was given to the gods of fertility. Byblos's cultural wealth is still preserved in its walls, temples, and streets, which continue to narrate the history of the civilization that marked a milestone in human communication.
Aleppo, in Syria, has records of inhabitants since at least 4,300 BCE. Aleppo's location, between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean, made it a crossroads of essential trade routes. For millennia, different empires left their mark on Aleppo. Aleppo's souks, mosques, and fortresses remind us of its past splendor and historical importance. Despite recent conflicts that affected its heritage, Aleppo remains a symbol of cultural resistance.
This article was written in collaboration with generative AI company Alchemiq