In one corner of a cavernous warehouse being built in the foothills of Jerusalem, a buzz saw gnaws against metal pipes. Far on the other side of the dim hall, two workers grapple with a pit of unfinished flooring. The rest is empty space.
Just 25 workers now toil on the three-story building, where six months earlier, they numbered 125.
The missing workers are among some 200,000 Palestinians who used to commute daily from the West Bank, as well as 18,500 from Gaza, all now locked out of Israel since the start of the Gaza war over security concerns, leaving an economic hole on both sides of the border.
They include around 80,000 Palestinians specializing in ironwork, flooring, formwork, and plastering, who normally do the hard initial labor at most Israeli construction sites.
For Palestinians, it means families have been abruptly deprived of income from laborers who can earn several times the wages in Israel that they would receive at home.
"I used to work well, and everything was fine. We were dependent on this work, with no other source of income," said Mohammad Dabous, who traveled each day from his village, Nilin, in the northern West Bank to work on building sites in Modiin, a city just across the border in Israel.
"People had financial responsibilities, payments, checks, which all bounced back, whether for building or payments for cars, they are all in trouble," he told Reuters.
The loss of wages has compounded the economic impact of the war in Gaza and unrest in the West Bank. An International Labour Organization report this week said unemployment in the West Bank and Gaza is seen rising above 50% - with a total of 500,000 jobs lost.
Shuddering halt
For Israel, the move to seal the border following the Oct. 7 Hamas attacks on Israeli towns brought the building to a shuddering halt. Residential construction fell by 95% late last year, contributing to an overall 19% slump in economic activity.
Other sectors, such as agriculture and services, were also hit, but not as much construction, which accounts for 6% of Israel's $500 million economy.
The sector has since recovered somewhat, relying in part on workers shipped in from Asian countries, but 40% of construction is still shut down. That will drag down the overall economy by 2%-3%, depending on the pace at which replacement foreign workers arrive, said Adi Brender, the Bank of Israel's head of research. A halt to construction would worsen a housing shortage, contributing to inflation.
The warehouse built in the Jerusalem foothills was supposed to be ready in December; now, the contractors, Limor Brothers, hope to finish by summer.
"Today, we're not looking to make a profit. We're looking to finish the projects and not lose more money than we've already lost since the start of the war," said Ahmad Sharha, the contractor's manager of personnel and logistics.
Contractors say they are bleeding money and worried about fines from clients for missing deadlines. Wages for workers that are still available have doubled.
"Every day, every week, contractors fail, or they stop working in the sector by their own decision," said Raul Srugo, president of the Israel Builders Association.
Israel is fast-tracking the recruitment of tens of thousands of foreign workers, with a quota of 65,000 authorized to come from countries such as India, Sri Lanka, and Uzbekistan.
Letting Palestinians to work in Israel again
There is also early talk of letting Palestinians return. Some Israeli security officials worry that the loss of earnings in the West Bank could be making instability there worse. The cabinet will discuss a "limited pilot" for allowing in Palestinians, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office said.
"The estimate is that the Palestinian workers will return. The question is when and how many," said Yehuda Morgenstern, Director General of the Construction and Housing Ministry. "Even if all the Palestinians return, we still need more working hands."
If Palestinian workers are allowed back, they will undergo more scrutiny and checks at border crossings even more onerous than before, said one Israeli security official. Some Israeli hardliners remain opposed, including municipal leaders.
"Bringing those workers into Israel means risking the lives of my residents, and I am not ready for that," said Avi Elkabatz, mayor of Afula, a small city in the north. "There are many solutions for bringing in foreign workers from different countries without endangering the lives of Israeli citizens."