Bashar al-Assad was the 19th president of Syria, entering office in 2000 succeeding his father Hafez al-Assad as the country's leader and as head of the Ba'ath Party. He was ousted in December 2024 by the Islamist rebel group Hay'at Tahir al-Sham (HTS) and has fled to Russia.
As president, Assad was also commander-in-chief of the Syrian armed forces and regional secretary of the socialist Ba’ath Party in Syria. Born in 1965, Assad is the third son of the late Syrian president Hafez al-Assad, who held office from 1971-2000. Before replacing his father as president, Assad studied medicine at Damascus University, graduating as an opthamologist in 1988. He served in the Syrian Army for four years as a doctor.
In 1992 he moved to London to continue his studies, but was called back to Syria when his older brother Bassel, who had been designated to replace their father as president, was killed in an automobile accident.
Assad is married to Asma al-Assad, a British woman of Syrian origin. The couple has three children.
On June 10, 2000 Hafez al-Assad passed away, and on June 18, 2000 Bashar was appointed General Secretary of the ruling Ba’ath Party. Soon after, after running as an unopposed candidate for the presidency, he was elected to a 7-year term in office.
At first, Assad was seen as a better alternative to his father by many Syrians. They hoped the well-educated younger Assad, with his background and exposure to the West, would bring about changes to the status-quo. Assad stated that democracy was “a tool to a better life,” but that it couldn’t be rushed into Syria.
At first, Assad somewhat successfully helped Syria ease out of the economic troubles it was in at the end of the 90s. Modernization gradually entered the Syrian public and private spheres. However, with the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, relations with the US grew shakier, and Assad’s rhetoric became more and more anti-Western.
In 2005, Lebanon’s former prime minister, Rafiq al-Hariri, was assassinated. Syria was accused of involvement in the assassination. In 2007, Assad was re-elected to office by a nearly unanimous majority.
In 2011, inspired by other Arab Spring protests throughout the Middle East, waves of unrest began breaking out in Assad’s Syria, in time turning into the bloody Syrian Civil War. Many of the protesters were opposed to the totalitarian rule imposed by Assad’s ruling party, in place since the time his father took office.
As the war progressed, Assad began making fewer and fewer public appearances. Foreign countries and military groups began sending in support for either the Syrian Army or the rebels, turning the fighting into a proxy war.
In August 2013, Assad’s regime was accused by the Syrian opposition forces of using chemical weapons against its citizens. Assad denied these accusations, but several Western countries claimed to have intelligence proving that the Syrian government had indeed used them. A month later, Russia, Syria, and the United States agreed to keep Syria’s chemical weapons under international control.
Assad was called to step down from his position multiple times. However, he was re-elected in 2014 and, with the help of the Russian military and financial support, has been able to maintain his standing.
Towards late 2017, it seemed that Assad’s stability as a Syrian leader was re-establishing itself. The rebels, ISIS, and other forces that had previously taken over parts of Syria had been isolated into small pockets within the country, with the Syrian government regaining most of the control over the region.
In 2024, Assad lost many of the physical resources of his Russian and Iranian backers, as Russia had to divert resources for its war in Ukraine and Iran had to manage its proxies Hezbollah and Hamas in the ongoing war with Israel. HTS was able to capitalize on this opening and launch a major military offensive in Syria, seizing control of major Syrian cities Homs and Aleppo before taking control of Damascus. Assad and his family fled to Russia and have lost control of the country.
Sharaa warned that mass killings threaten Syria’s unity and pledges swift justice.
Syria has been beset by some of the worst violence since the fall of Bashar al-Assad.
A defense ministry source told state media on Saturday that all roads leading to the coast had been blocked to stop violations and help return calm.
Massacre reports put pressure on Syria’s new leadership to respond.
Syrian forces battle Alawite insurgents for a second day as unrest spreads, with over 120 reported killed in the biggest challenge yet to Sharaa’s rule.
Syria TV said the clashes were continuing in the Jableh region.
"Syria is ready ... to solve this decades-old problem imposed on us by a previous regime," Syria's foreign minister said.
Leaks from Syria’s draft constitution reveal a requirement for the president to be Muslim, raising concerns over inclusivity.
Syrian interim President Ahmed al-Sharaa faces pressure at home, as Damascus looks to boost ties among Arab states.
Russia's military bases in Syria now operate under former Islamist rebels' watch as Damascus redefines Moscow's role.
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