A letter was signed by Pelosi and 36 other Democrats including Representatives Barbara Lee, Rashida Tlaib and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.
Pelosi's comments marked the first time a prominent US lawmaker has accused Russia's leader of backing US protesters calling for a ceasefire.
Pelosi, a Democrat who twice served as House speaker, is the first woman to hold the position that is second in line for the presidency if the president is incapacitated.
The surveillance footage showed the alleged attacker smashing through a glass window to get into the couple's San Francisco home.
Republicans won a narrow majority in November's midterms, meaning any candidate for speaker will need to unify a fractious caucus to win.